Ramses II

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History Channel Program: Ancient Discoveries: Egyptian Warfare with panel of three experts. In year 34 Ramses married the eldest daughter of the Hittite king. By the time of Ramesses, Nubia had been a colony for 200 years, but its conquest was recalled in decoration from the temples Ramesses II built at which was the subject of epigraphic work by the Oriental Institute during the Nubian salvage campaign of the 1960s , and in northern Nubia.

Ramesses decided to eternalize himself in stone, and so he ordered changes to the methods used by his masons. His father became when Ramses was around 5 years old. The choice of two of these particular deities is interesting in that Set and Astarte were both worshiped by the Hyksos at Avaris. Believed to be an earthly manifestation of the gods, he used his absolute power to maintain the safety and prosperity of Egypt.

Ramses II

For the armored vehicle, see. He is often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the. Ramesses II led several military expeditions into the , reasserting Egyptian control over. He also led expeditions to the south, into , commemorated in inscriptions at and. The early part of his reign was focused on building cities, temples, and monuments. He established the city of in the as his new capital and used it as the main base for his campaigns in. At fourteen, he was appointed by his father,. He is believed to have taken the throne in his late teens and is known to have ruled Egypt from 1279 to 1213 BC. Estimates of his age at death vary; 90 or 91 is considered most likely. Ramesses II celebrated an unprecedented fourteen the first held after 30 years of a pharaoh's reign, and then, every three years during his reign—more than any other pharaoh. On his death, he was buried in in the ; his body was later moved to a where it was discovered in 1881, and is now on display in the. The great Sesostris Rameses II in the Battle of Khadesh Early in his life, Ramesses II embarked on numerous campaigns to restore possession of previously held territories lost to the and and to secure Egypt's borders. He was also responsible for suppressing some Nubian revolts and carrying out a campaign in. Although the often dominates the scholarly view of the military prowess and power of Ramesses II, he nevertheless enjoyed more than a few outright victories over the enemies of Egypt. During Ramesses II's reign, the Egyptian army is estimated to have totaled about 100,000 men; a formidable force that he used to strengthen Egyptian influence. Battle against Sherden sea pirates In his second year, Ramesses II decisively defeated the sea pirates who were wreaking havoc along Egypt's Mediterranean coast by attacking cargo-laden vessels travelling the sea routes to. The Sherden people probably came from the coast of , from southwest or perhaps, also from the island of. Ramesses posted troops and ships at strategic points along the coast and patiently allowed the pirates to attack their perceived prey before skillfully catching them by surprise in a sea battle and capturing them all in a single action. There probably was a naval battle somewhere near the mouth of the Nile, as shortly afterward, many Sherden are seen among the pharaoh's body-guard where they are conspicuous by their horned helmets having a ball projecting from the middle, their round shields, and the great with which they are depicted in inscriptions of the Battle of Kadesh. In that sea battle, together with the Sherden, the pharaoh also defeated the Lukka L'kkw, possibly the later Lycians , and the Šqrsšw Shekelesh peoples. First Syrian campaign The immediate antecedents to the Battle of Kadesh were the early campaigns of Ramesses II into. His first campaign seems to have taken place in the fourth year of his reign and was commemorated by the erection of what became the first of the near what is now. The inscription is almost totally illegible due to weathering. Additional records tell us that he was forced to fight a Canaanite prince who was mortally wounded by an Egyptian archer, and whose army subsequently, was routed. Ramesses carried off the princes of Canaan as live prisoners to Egypt. Ramesses then plundered the chiefs of the Asiatics in their own lands, returning every year to his headquarters at to exact tribute. In the fourth year of his reign, he captured the Hittite vassal state of the Amurru during his campaign in Syria. Second Syrian campaign Ramesses II storming the fortress of The Battle of Kadesh in his fifth regnal year was the climactic engagement in a campaign that Ramesses fought in Syria, against the resurgent Hittite forces of. The pharaoh wanted a victory at Kadesh both to expand Egypt's frontiers into Syria, and to emulate his father Seti I's triumphal entry into the city just a decade or so earlier. He also constructed his new capital,. There he built factories to manufacture weapons, chariots, and shields, supposedly producing some 1,000 weapons in a week, about 250 chariots in two weeks, and 1,000 shields in a week and a half. After these preparations, Ramesses moved to attack territory in the , which belonged to a more substantial enemy than any he had ever faced in war: the. Ramesses's forces were caught in a Hittite ambush and outnumbered at Kadesh when they counterattacked and routed the Hittites, whose survivors abandoned their chariots and swam the Orontes river to reach the safe city walls. Ramesses, logistically unable to sustain a long siege, returned to Egypt. Third Syrian campaign Egypt's sphere of influence was now restricted to while fell into Hittite hands. Canaanite princes, seemingly encouraged by the Egyptian incapacity to impose their will and goaded on by the Hittites, began revolts against Egypt. In the seventh year of his reign, Ramesses II returned to Syria once again. This time he proved more successful against his Hittite foes. During this campaign he split his army into two forces. One force was led by his son, , and it chased warriors of the tribes across the as far as the , capturing -. It then marched on to capture. The other force, led by Ramesses, attacked and. He, too, then entered Moab, where he rejoined his son. The reunited army then marched on , , on to , and finally, recaptured Upi the land around Damascus , reestablishing Egypt's former sphere of influence. Later campaigns in Syria Relief from showing the Ramesses extended his military successes in his eighth and ninth years. He crossed the Dog River and pushed north into Amurru. His armies managed to march as far north as Dapur, where he had a statue of himself erected. The Egyptian pharaoh thus found himself in northern Amurru, well past , in , where no Egyptian soldier had been seen since the time of , almost 120 years earlier. He laid siege to the city before capturing it. His victory proved to be ephemeral. In year nine, Ramesses erected a stele at. After having reasserted his power over Canaan, Ramesses led his army north. A mostly illegible stele near , which appears to be dated to the king's second year, was probably set up there in his tenth. The thin strip of territory pinched between Amurru and Kadesh did not make for a stable possession. Within a year, they had returned to the Hittite fold, so that Ramesses had to march against once more in his tenth year. This time he claimed to have fought the battle without even bothering to put on his , until two hours after the fighting began. Six of Ramesses's youthful sons, still wearing their , took part in this conquest. He took towns in , and in , later recorded on the walls of the Ramesseum. This second success at the location was equally as meaningless as his first, as neither power could decisively defeat the other in battle. Peace treaty with the Hittites Tablet of between of and Ramesses II of , at the The deposed Hittite king, , fled to Egypt, the land of his country's enemy, after the failure of his plots to oust his uncle from the throne. This demand precipitated a crisis in relations between Egypt and Hatti when Ramesses denied any knowledge of Mursili's whereabouts in his country, and the two empires came dangerously close to war. Eventually, in the twenty-first year of his reign 1258 BC , Ramesses decided to conclude an agreement with the new Hittite king, Ḫattušili III, at Kadesh to end the conflict. The ensuing document is the earliest known in world history. The peace treaty was recorded in two versions, one in , the other in , using ; both versions survive. Such dual-language recording is common to many subsequent treaties. This treaty differs from others, in that the two language versions are worded differently. While the majority of the text is identical, the Hittite version says the Egyptians came suing for peace and the Egyptian version says the reverse. The treaty was concluded between Ramesses II and Ḫattušili III in year 21 of Ramesses's reign c. Its 18 articles call for peace between Egypt and Hatti and then proceeds to maintain that their respective deities also demand peace. The frontiers are not laid down in this treaty, but may be inferred from other documents. The Anastasy A describes during the latter part of the reign of Ramesses II and enumerates and names the coastal towns under Egyptian control. The harbour town of , north of , is mentioned as the northern-most town belonging to Egypt, suggesting it contained an Egyptian garrison. No further Egyptian campaigns in Canaan are mentioned after the conclusion of the peace treaty. The northern border seems to have been safe and quiet, so the rule of the pharaoh was strong until Ramesses II's death, and the waning of the dynasty. When the King of Mira attempted to involve Ramesses in a hostile act against the Hittites, the Egyptian responded that the times of intrigue in support of Mursili III, had passed. Ḫattušili III wrote to , king of in the same spirit, reminding him of the time when his father, , had offered to fight Ramesses II, the king of Egypt. The Hittite king encouraged the Babylonian to oppose another enemy, which must have been the king of , whose allies had killed the messenger of the Egyptian king. Ḫattušili encouraged Kadashman-Enlil to come to his aid and prevent the Assyrians from cutting the link between the Canaanite province of Egypt and Mursili III, the ally of Ramesses. Campaigns in Nubia Photo of the free standing part of temple, originally in Nubia Ramesses II also campaigned south of the into. When Ramesses was about 22, two of his own sons, including , accompanied him in at least one of those campaigns. By the time of Ramesses, Nubia had been a colony for 200 years, but its conquest was recalled in decoration from the temples Ramesses II built at which was the subject of epigraphic work by the Oriental Institute during the Nubian salvage campaign of the 1960s , and in northern Nubia. On the south wall of the Beit el-Wali temple, Ramesses II is depicted charging into battle against the Nubians in a war chariot, while his two young sons, Amun-her-khepsef and Khaemwaset, are shown behind him, also in war chariots. A wall in one of Ramesses's temples says he had to fight one battle with the Nubians without help from his soldiers. Campaigns in Libya During the reign of Ramesses II, the Egyptians were evidently active on a 300-kilometre 190 mi stretch along the coast, at least as far as. Although the exact events surrounding the foundation of the coastal forts and fortresses is not clear, some degree of political and military control must have been held over the region to allow their construction. There are no detailed accounts of Ramesses II's undertaking large military actions against the , only generalised records of his conquering and crushing them, which may or may not refer to specific events that were otherwise unrecorded. It may be that some of the records, such as the Stele of his year 2, are harking back to Ramesses's presence on his father's Libyan campaigns. Perhaps it was who achieved this supposed control over the region, and who planned to establish the defensive system, in a manner similar to how he rebuilt those to the east, the Ways of Horus across Northern. Main article: After reigning for 30 years, Ramesses joined a select group that included only a handful of Egypt's longest-lived rulers. By tradition, in the 30th year of his reign Ramesses celebrated a jubilee called the Sed festival. These were held to honour and rejuvenate the pharaoh's strength. Only halfway through what would be a 66-year reign, Ramesses already had eclipsed all but a few of his greatest predecessors in his achievements. He had brought peace, maintained Egyptian borders, and built great and numerous monuments across the empire. His country was more prosperous and powerful than it had been in nearly a century. Sed festivals traditionally were held again every three years after the 30th year; Ramasses II, who sometimes held them after two years, eventually celebrated an unprecedented 13 or 14. Egypt — Statue of Ramses II, Luxor, n. Brooklyn Museum Archives Ramesses built extensively throughout Egypt and Nubia, and his are prominently displayed even in buildings that he did not construct. There are accounts of his honor hewn on stone, statues, and the remains of palaces and —most notably the in western and the rock temples of. He covered the land from the to with buildings in a way no monarch before him had. He also founded a new capital city in the Delta during his reign, called. It previously had served as a summer palace during Seti I's reign. His memorial temple, known today as the , was just the beginning of the pharaoh's obsession with building. When he built, he built on a scale unlike almost anything before. In the third year of his reign, Ramesses started the most ambitious building project after the pyramids, which were built almost 1,500 years earlier. The population was put to work changing the face of Egypt. In Thebes, the ancient temples were transformed, so that each one of them reflected honour to Ramesses as a symbol of his putative divine nature and power. Ramesses decided to eternalize himself in stone, and so he ordered changes to the methods used by his masons. The elegant but shallow reliefs of previous pharaohs were easily transformed, and so their images and words could easily be obliterated by their successors. Ramesses insisted that his carvings be deeply engraved into the stone, which made them not only less susceptible to later alteration, but also made them more prominent in the Egyptian sun, reflecting his relationship with the sun deity,. Ramesses constructed many large monuments, including the archaeological complex of , and the known as the Ramesseum. He built on a monumental scale to ensure that his legacy would survive the ravages of time. Ramesses used art as a means of propaganda for his victories over foreigners, which are depicted on numerous temple reliefs. Ramesses II erected more colossal statues of himself than any other pharaoh, and also usurped many existing statues by inscribing his own on them. Pi-Ramesses Main article: Ramesses II moved the capital of his kingdom from Thebes in the Nile valley to a new site in the eastern Delta. His motives are uncertain, although he possibly wished to be closer to his territories in Canaan and Syria. In the 10th century AD the Bible exegete Rabbi , believed that the biblical site of Ramesses had to be identified with. For a time, during the early 20th century, the site was misidentified as that of , due to the amount of statuary and other material from Pi-Ramesses found there, but it now is recognised that the Ramesside remains at Tanis were brought there from elsewhere, and the real Pi-Ramesses lies about 30 km south, near modern. The colossal feet of the statue of Ramesses are almost all that remains above ground today. The rest is buried in the fields. Ramesseum The digitally placed atop its base still in the Ramesseum The temple complex built by Ramesses II between and the desert has been known as the since the 19th century. The Greek marveled at the gigantic temple, now no more than a few ruins. Oriented northwest and southeast, the temple was preceded by two courts. An enormous pylon stood before the first court, with the royal palace at the left and the gigantic statue of the king looming up at the back. Only fragments of the base and torso remain of the statue of the enthroned pharaoh, 17 metres 56 ft high and weighing more than 1,000 980 ; 1,100. Scenes of the great pharaoh and his army triumphing over the Hittite forces fleeing before Kadesh are represented on the pylon. Remains of the second court include part of the internal facade of the pylon and a portion of the Osiride portico on the right. Scenes of war and the alleged rout of the Hittites at Kadesh are repeated on the walls. In the upper , feast and honor of the phallic deity , god of fertility. On the opposite side of the court the few Osiride pillars and columns still remaining may furnish an idea of the original grandeur. Thirty-nine out of the forty-eight columns in the great 41 × 31 m still stand in the central rows. They are decorated with the usual scenes of the king before various deities. Part of the ceiling, decorated with gold stars on a blue ground, also has been preserved. Ramesses's children appear in the procession on the few walls left. The sanctuary was composed of three consecutive rooms, with eight columns and the cell. Part of the first room, with the ceiling decorated with astral scenes, and few remains of the second room are all that is left. Vast storerooms built of mud bricks stretched out around the temple. Traces of a school for scribes were found among the ruins. A temple of , of which nothing remains beside the foundations, once stood to the right of the hypostyle hall. Abu Simbel Main article: In 1255 BC Ramesses and his queen had traveled into to inaugurate a new temple, the great. It is an ego cast in stone; the man who built it intended not only to become Egypt's greatest pharaoh, but also one of its deities. The great temple of Ramesses II at Abu Simbel was discovered in 1813 by the Swiss Orientalist and traveler. An enormous pile of sand almost completely covered the facade and its colossal statues, blocking the entrance for four more years. The explorer reached the interior on 4 August 1817. Other Nubian monuments As well as the temples of Abu Simbel, Ramesses left other monuments to himself in Nubia. His early campaigns are illustrated on the walls of now relocated to. Other temples dedicated to Ramesses are and also relocated to New Kalabsha. Tomb of Nefertari Tomb wall depicting The tomb of the most important of Ramesses was discovered by in 1904. Although it had been looted in ancient times, the tomb of is extremely important, because its magnificent wall painting decoration is regarded as one of the greatest achievements of. A flight of steps cut out of the rock gives access to the antechamber, which is decorated with paintings based on chapter 17 of the. This astronomical ceiling represents the heavens and is painted in dark blue, with a myriad of golden five-pointed stars. The east wall of the antechamber is interrupted by a large opening flanked by representation of at left and at right; this in turn leads to the side chamber, decorated with offering scenes, preceded by a vestibule in which the paintings portray Nefertari presented to the deities, who welcome her. On the north wall of the antechamber is the stairway down to the burial chamber, a vast quadrangular room covering a surface area of about 90 square metres 970 sq ft , its astronomical ceiling supported by four pillars entirely decorated. Originally, the queen's red granite lay in the middle of this chamber. According to religious doctrines of the time, it was in this chamber, which the ancient Egyptians called the golden hall, that the regeneration of the deceased took place. This decorative pictogram of the walls in the burial chamber drew inspirations from chapters 144 and 146 of the Book of the Dead: in the left half of the chamber, there are passages from chapter 144 concerning the gates and doors of the kingdom of Osiris, their guardians, and the magic formulas that had to be uttered by the deceased in order to go past the doors. Tomb KV5 Main article: In 1995, Professor , head of the Theban Mapping Project, rediscovered Tomb. It has proven to be the largest tomb in the Valley of the Kings, and originally contained the mummified remains of some of this king's estimated 52 sons. Approximately 150 corridors and tomb chambers have been located in this tomb as of 2006 and the tomb may contain as many as 200 corridors and chambers. Those burials which were made in KV5 were thoroughly looted in antiquity, leaving little or no remains. Weighing some 83-tonne 82-long-ton; 91-short-ton , it was transported, reconstructed, and erected in Ramesses Square in Cairo in 1955. In August 2006, contractors relocated it to save it from exhaust fumes that were causing it to deteriorate. The new site is near the future. By the time of his death, aged about 90 years, Ramesses was suffering from severe dental problems and was plagued by and. He had made Egypt rich from all the supplies and riches he had collected from other empires. He had outlived many of his wives and children and left great memorials all over. Nine more pharaohs took the name Ramesses in his honour. Ramesses II originally was buried in the tomb in the , but because of looting, priests later transferred the body to a holding area, re-wrapped it, and placed it inside the tomb of queen. Seventy-two hours later it was again moved, to the of the high priest. All of this is recorded in hieroglyphics on the linen covering the body. His mummy is today in 's. The pharaoh's mummy reveals an and strong jaw. It stands at about 1. White at the time of death, and possibly auburn during life, they have been dyed a light red by the spices henna used in embalming... The hairs are white, like those of the head and eyebrows... The mummy was received at with the full military honours befitting a king. In 1975, the mummy of Ramesses II was taken to France for preservation. The mummy was also forensically tested by Professor Pierre-Fernand Ceccaldi, the chief forensic scientist at the Criminal Identification Laboratory of Paris. Subsequent microscopic inspection of the roots of Ramesses II's hair proved that the king's hair originally was red, which suggests that he came from a family of redheads. A recent study excluded as a possible cause. A significant hole in the pharaoh's was detected. If anyone would know how great I am and where I lie, let him surpass one of my works. The life of Ramesses II has inspired many fictional representations, including the of the French writer , the Ramsès series; the graphic novel , in which the character of Adrian Veidt uses Ramesses II to form part of the inspiration for his alter-ego, ; 's novel , which is largely concerned with the life of Ramesses II, though from the perspective of Egyptians living during the reign of ; and the book 1989 , in which Ramesses was the main character. As the pharaoh of the Exodus In entertainment and media, Ramesses II is one of the more popular candidates for the. He is cast in this role in the 1944 novella by. Although not a major character, Ramesses appears in 's So Moses Was Born, a first person account from Nebunefer, the brother of Ramoses, which paints a picture of the life of Ramoses from the death of Seti, replete with the power play, intrigue, and assassination plots of the historical record, and depicting the relationships with , , , and. In Ramesses is an ancestor of the main characters Sadie and Carter Kane. In film, Ramesses was played by in 's classic 1956. The animated film 1998 also featured a depiction of Ramesses voiced by , portrayed as Moses' adoptive brother, and ultimately as the film's villain. More recently, played Ramesses in the 2014 film. Archived from on 2008-12-22. Webster's New World College Dictionary. Webster's New World College Dictionary. Archived from on 2007-12-04. Gabriel, The Great Armies of Antiquity, 6. Some scholars believed that Meryre's auxiliaries were merely his neighbors on the Libyan coast, while others identified them as Indo-Europeans from north of the Caucasus. It was one of Maspero's most illustrious predecessors, Emmanuel de Rougé, who proposed that the names reflected the lands of the northern Mediterranean: the Lukka, Ekwesh, Tursha, Shekelesh, and Shardana were men from , , western Italy , , and. History Channel Program: Ancient Discoveries: Egyptian Warfare with panel of three experts. Event occurs at 12:00 EDST, 2008-05-14. Archived from on April 16, 2008. Egyptian monuments and great works of art still astound us today. We will reveal another surprising aspect of Egyptian life—their weapons of war, and their great might on the battlefield. A common perception of the Egyptians is of a cultured civilization, yet there is fascinating evidence that reveals they were also a war faring people, who developed advanced weapon making techniques. Some of these techniques would be used for the very first time in history and some of the battles they fought were on a truly massive scale. The Global Egyptian Museum. Retrieved 27 February 2015. Archived from PDF on 2008-05-29. Retrieved 27 February 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2015. Valley of the Kings. Archived from on April 14, 2010. Retrieved July 22, 2010. Bulletin de l'Academie de Médecine. University of Toronto Libraries,. Archived from on 2006-10-10. La Momie de Ramsès II: Contribution Scientifique à l'Égyptologie. Avaris: Capital of the Hyksos — Recent Excavations. London: British Museum Press. Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern. The Monuments of Seti I: Epigraphic, Historical and Art Historical Analysis. The Encyclopedia of Mummies. Chronology of the Pharaohs. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Ancient Egyptian Queens — a hieroglyphic dictionary. London: Golden House Publications. A History of Ancient Egypt. Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt. On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Ramesside Inscriptions Translated and Annotated: Translations. Volume 2: Ramesses II; Royal Inscriptions. Translations and in the 1999 volume below notes on all contemporary royal inscriptions naming the king. Ramesside Inscriptions Translated and Annotated: Notes and Comments. Volume 2: Ramesses II; Royal Inscriptions. The Ancient Near East c. Amenhotep III: Perspectives on his reign. University of Michigan Press. Who's Who in Ancient Egypt. The Beit el-Wali Temple of Ramesses II. University of Toronto Libraries, University of Toronto Press. Archived from on 2006-10-10. Egypt: temples, people, gods. Grosse kulturen der welt-Ägypten. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. Ramesses: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh. Das alte Ägypten in German. Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant, 1300—1185 BC. Probleme der Ägyptologie 11. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 58. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research. A large-format volume by the former Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities at the , filled with colour illustrations of buildings, art, etc.

London: British Museum Press. Ramses II commissioned an almost unparalleled amount of building projects at home. By year 10 Ramses was again on the Nahr el-Kalb, and the next year he broke the Resistance defenses and invaded Syria. Excluded from class system, largely because of the demeaning work that they had to perform leather tanning and ash sweeping after cremations. They are decorated with the usual scenes of the king before various deities. At fourteen, he was appointed by his limbo. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, and were suppressed by the Romans as a potential focus of opposition to Roman rule Term Neo-Assyrian Empire Definition An empire extending from western Iran to Syria-Palestine, conquered by the Assyrians of northern Mesopotamia between the tenth and seventh centuries B. A new solo was established at It-towy, south of Memphis, while Thebes remained a great religious center. A recent study excluded as a possible cause. Term Ziggurat Definition A massive ramses ii definition world history stepped tower made of mud-bricks.